The extent to which research influences policy

The extent to which research influences policy Discuss the extent to which effective development policy depends on good research Introduction In development, for one to know what aids development, why a particular system works and how effective an approach taken towards improving development is, a proper research has to have been done. Development policy is a decision made or designed to improve a condition from a problematic state to a better or an improved form. Research is said to be ‘a careful study that is done to find and report new knowledge about something’ (Merriam-Webster). Some types of research done are reviewing existing research, field experiments, secondary analysis (reviewing information from existing archives), qualitative methods, survey, case studies, and cost-benefit analysis (research done to determine the cost and benefit from an action), amongst others (Dukeshire and Thurlow 2002). Research is an important part of policy making because without research, pressing policy questions will not be answered as it’s hard to make a policy without identifying a problem, the context in which the problem is based and possible solutions that a policy could enforce. In a research at the IMF in 2011, Moises Schwartz, the director of IEO states that â€Å"Research is at the heart of innovation and improving policymaking†. He goes on to say that research, at the IMF, helps develop and improve conceptual models that serve as the foundation for policy recommendations. In this paper research will be used in relation to evidence-based This paper discusses how research influences policy, the gap between researchers and policy makers and how good research is needed for effective development policy making. Research and Development policy One cannot make a policy if one doesn’t know what that policy is to address. Without research, policy makers will not be informed about the problem that requires a solution through careful planning and decision making. The way research is done and presented could influence deeply the policy making process (Dukeshire and Thurlow 2002). For the creation of effective development policy, not just a policy under huge probability that it might work, proper research has to be done. Furthermore, for the improvement of quality of life and reduction in poverty, a proper use of research and evidence in the making and practice of development policy, is required (Court et al 2004). Research promotes credibility and also plays an important role on how policymaking is thought of by country authorities and also, research improves the gathering and spread of global knowledge (IMF 2011). Effective development policy requires researches that are relevant to the particular policy question. Researches done for a specific development policy question will look at the problem from all spheres, gather knowledge about the problem from the place the problem is situated and the people it affects, carry out a thorough case study and could also ask indigenous people to suggest solutions as they know better what will work for them and then make recommendations which will influence the development policy making. This entire process will ensure that the policy is effective as the decision will be based on research that addressed the problem directly and evidence produced. People in a community, through participatory approach, a research technique, could identify problems in their society and proffer solutions to these problems (green et al 1995; Frankish et al 1997). The 1999 white paper on modernizing government adopted evidence based policy as part of its philosophy as it expressed its expectations of policy makers to bring up new ideas, take a different approach to the way things have been done in the past he use of research in the policy making process and also to create policies that will proffer effective long term solutions. Research helps policy makers be well informed about a situation a policy is to address however â€Å"†¦there is nothing a government hates more than to be well-informed for it makes the process of arriving at decisions much more complicated and difficult† ( Skidelsky 1992). In my own opinion, research restrains the government from making a â€Å"one fit all† policy. It is easier for a government or donor institutions to make a ‘one fit all’ policy than going through the process of research, gaining adequate knowledge about a particular problem and having to make policies that fit specifi c contexts or societies and not been able to make a general policy that is not based on specific contexts or a countries specificity. In basil jones paper on linking research to policy, he says to achieve effectiveness and efficiency better sector work has to be done alongside research and analysis in development process which will in turn influence policy making. Without research or proper knowledge of a development problem, it is hard to make right decisions that will enable effective solutions. There is a great link between research and policy making although, it has been said that there is a gap between policy makers and researchers. It said that researchers make their findings inaccessible, sometimes lengthy, in a different language and uneasy to decipher just in time for policy decisions (Jones, 2011). Also, researchers do not research on problems facing policy makers but answer questions based on the tools and resources they have (World Bank 2010). Development policies are made based on finding solutions to development problems and research seeks to study and find possible and optimum solutions to those problems. Thus, without proper communication between the researchers and policy makers, it will be impossible to make an effective development policy as it is impossible to make a developmental progress if these two actors are working individually or separately. Conclusion it has been noted that governments and donor institutions tend to make ‘one fit all’ policies that will cut across different countries without taking into consideration the different countries peculiarity or its institutional context and sometimes are accused of making policies based on existing data from doctored research plans and conclusions that fit an existing policy or research done before without making room for new researches (Brettenwoods project, 2011). For example, the prevalent view amongst staffs of the IMF is that research findings need to be in relation with current IMF policies and evaluations done at the IMF showed that some researches were done with the conclusion and an already present policy in mind and some researches had different conclusions and recommendations separate from the analysis done in the research (IMF 2011). Furthermore, some NGOs have distorted the policy making process which renders the policy incapable and in turn creating negative e ffect on the poor by not engaging in research based evidence (Harper 2001). Above, it was noted that there was a significant gap between policy makers and researchers which needed to be bridged. Bridging the gap between these two actors In the development process could be done by making good use of researches that have been done and researchers communicating their findings to policy makers(court and young 2006). Also these donors should not make it all about the funding but also gaining or gathering and sharing new knowledge which can only be gotten from good research (Jones 2011). Policy questions should be the basis for a research and not just research based on the resources available to the researcher or what attracts the interest of the researcher at that time. Furthermore, in considering the future of development, results that influence policy and practice and relevant to poor people’s needs could be gotten by the improving the researchers effectiveness to produce such results. This was stated in a 2008 research strategy of DFID. Finally in answering the question to which extent effective development policy depends on good research, before a policy is made, there has to be an evidence of a problem and the evidence of the problem and knowledge gathered about the problem is held in mind before a decision is made to improve the condition of a problem, so basically there cannot be a policy without a research of some kind. Therefore, a development policy depends on research but an effective development policy that will properly address a problem that is being faced will depend on a good and thorough research. This paper has discussed the link and gap between research and policy, the dependency of policy on research and also the benefits of an evidence based policy. References â€Å"Research† Merriam-webster.com. Merriam-Webster, n.d. web 26 February 2014 http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/research Brettenwoods (2011). Evaluations suggest IMF, World Bank research ideologically driven [online] Available: http:// http://www.brettonwoodsproject.org/2011/09/art-568905/ [Accessed: 24 February 2014] Cabinet office (1999) modernizing government stationary office: London, Ch. 2, Para. 6. Cm 4320. Available at www.cabinet-office.gov.uk/mordengov/whtpaper/index.htm> Court, J. and Young, J. (2006) Bridging research and policy in international development: an analytical and practical framework. Development in Practice, Volume 16, Number 1, February 2006. Court, J., Hovland, I. and Young, J. (2004) Bridging Research and Policy in International Development: Evidence and the Change Process, ITDG. Dukeshire, S. Thurlow, J. (2002). Understanding the Link Between Research and Policy. Rural Communities Impacting Policy Project Frankish, C.J., George, A., Daniel, M., Doyle-Waters, M. Walker, M. (1997). Participatory health promotion research in Canada: A community guidebook. Ottawa, ON: Health Canada, Health Promotion Development Division. Green, L., George, M., Daniel, M., Frankish, J., Herbert, C., Bowie, W. O’Neill, M. (1995). The study of participatory research in health promotion: Review and recommendations for the development of participatory research in health promotion in Canada. Ottawa: The Royal Society of Canada. Harper, C. (2001). Do the Facts Matter? NGOs, Research and Policy Advocacy, in Edwards, M. Gaventa, J., Global Citizen Action. Lynne Reinner Publishers Jones, B. (2011), Linking Research to Policy: The African Development Bank as Knowledge Broker, Series N ° 131, African Development Bank, Tunis, Tunisia. Research at the IMF: relevance and utilization / [prepared by an IEO team led by Ruben Lamdany and Hali Edison]. – Washington, D.C.: International Monetary Fund, 2011. Skidelsky, R. (1992) John Maynard Keynes; a biography. Vol 2: the economist as saviour, 1920-1937 macilian: London p 630. World Bank (September 2010) â€Å"Research for Development – A World Bank Perspective on Future Direction for Research† Policy Research Working Paper 5437 Yaron, G. And Louise, S. (2008) Good practice in evidence informed policy: An initial review for DFID. 1

Mariah, by Che Husna Ashari

Mariah by Che Husna Azhari Introduction Mariah is a short story written by Che Husna Azhari who is a prominent Malaysian writer of literature. She received a degree from Tunku Khurshiah College, Seramban in 1973, and her A Levels from Oxford College of Further Education in 1975. In 1979, she received a degree from Brunel University of West London in Polymer Technology. In 1985, Che Husna was awarded a PhD in Response Engineering from Brunel University of West London. Che Husna is a Professor at the Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, at Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, specializing in non-metallic materials processing.She also serves as the Director of the Center for Corporate Planning and Communications at that university. Ms. Che Husna’s writings are generally set in Kelantan, Malaysia, and her best known short stories are used as standard teaching texts in Malaysia. Synopsis Mariah is widower who sells her ‘Nasi Berlauk' at her stall in order to survive herse lf and being admired. This Che Husna Azhari artwork is about polygamy issue within Pak Imam, which can be considerd as a big character besides Mariah. Pak Imam already has a wife, Cik Yam, who is a loyal wife and being the icon of other woman with full package in her own.After Pak Imam had discussed with her about his intention to have another marriage with Mariah, Cik Yam felt upset and do not agree on the time. But because she loves his husband so much, he agreed to let Pak Imam to get married. As for Pak Imam, even though he is known as Imam and respected by the whole villagers, but he is still just an ordinary person that cannot being separate by other human being by behaving like he is (want to get married with Mariah although he already have Cik Yam as his wife).Themes The theme is about women’s discrimination, sacrificial love and polygamy. Cik Yam agreed to the second marriage of her husband because she loved him so much and did not want him to be sad. She did not pre vent Pak Imam to get married with Mariah, the Nasi Belauk seller. At first, when Pak Imam tell Cik Yam that he want to get married another one, she just get sad for a while and and she gave permission to Pak Imam after that to be married with Mariah. In this story, issue of polygamy is not a big issue. However, he issue of polygamy is important in this story when it is about Cik Yam decision, whether she want to give permission or not to let the polygamy between herself and Mariah. Character Mariah A beautiful widow Usually wears Baju Kebaya Sells Nasi Berlauk in Molo Admired by men in her village Pak Imam A pious man Respected by all people in the village Husband of Cik Yam Friend of Che Gu Leh Fell in love with Mariah Cik Yam Wife of Pak Imam Characterized as perfect wife based on the sentence â€Å"The Imam looked at his wife with obvious pride.There was not a living man in Molo who did not envy him for having such a devoted wife. † Barren according to Pak Imam â€Å"Why couldn’t his wife bear children like other women? Some women, it seemed, have the fecundity of rabbits, but not his wife. † – Very devoted and loyal to Pak Imam A former politician. Plot The story begins with the exposition of the main character who is Mariah as the beautiful Nasi berlauk seller. It describes how Mariah’s beautiful figure appears as she walks as in â€Å"all eyes were transfixed on a figure coming through the entrance. It was the figure of a woman.She was delicately balancing two huge basins on her head, her hips swaying gaily to and fro with the rhythm of the balancing. That particular gyrating seemed to mesmerise the men and glue them to their places†. It also describes how Mariah was admired by men in the village. The rising action starts when Mariah was accused of putting something into her nasi berlauk to enchant all men in the village including Pak Imam by the head of womenfolk Che Gu Nab. It follows with the flashback of Pak Imam’s past about his unforgettable secret love with the daughter of his master, the Sheikh.The climax of this story is when Pak Imam asks permission from his wife to marry Mariah as in â€Å"He then told Cik Yam of Mariah, how he had fought his emotions and how he had lost. He begged Cik Yam’s forgiveness, kissed the hem of Cik Yam’s sarong and asked for her permission to take Mariah as his second wife! †. The falling action of this story is when Cik Yam finally agree to let Pak Imam to marry Mariah under the condition of equality. The story resolves with Pak Imam finally marry Mariah.

Create a Magic Genie in a Bottle Effect

Drop a chemical into a flask to produce a cloud of water vapor and oxygen, resembling a magic genie emerging from its bottle. This chemistry demonstration can be used to introduce the concepts of decomposition reactions, exothermic reactions, and catalysts. Magic Genie Safety Wear rubber gloves and safety goggles. The 30% hydrogen peroxide used in this demonstration is a strong oxidizing agent which should be handled with care. It is extremely corrosive and reactive. Sodium iodide should not be ingested. The chemical reaction evolves heat so it is important to use borosilicate glass and to take care that the mouth of the flask is directed away from people. Magic Genie Demonstration Materials 50 ml of 30% hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)4 g of sodium iodide, NaI [may substitute manganese(IV) oxide]1-liter borosilicate (Pyrex or Kimax) volumetric flaskFilter paper or tissue paper The peroxide solution is considerably more concentrated than ordinary household peroxide (3%), so youll either need to obtain it from a beauty supply store, chemical supply ​store or online. Sodium iodide or manganese oxide are best obtained from chemical suppliers. Magic Genie Procedure Wrap the sodium iodide or manganese oxide in a piece of filter paper or tissue paper. Staple the paper so none of the solid can spill out.Carefully pour 50 ml of 30% hydrogen peroxide solution into the volumetric flask.Set the flask a counter and cover it with a towel to protect your hands from the heat of the reaction. When you are ready, drop the packet of solid reactant into the flask. Be sure the flask is pointed away from yourself and students. The magic water vapor genie will appear!After the demonstration is complete, the liquid may be washed down the drain with excess water. Rinse the flask and dilute any spills with water before cleanup. Magic Genie Reaction Hydrogen peroxide decomposes into water vapor and oxygen gas. The sodium iodide or manganese oxide catalyzes the exothermic reaction. The reaction is: 2H2O2 (aq) → 2H2O (g) O2 (g) heat Helpful Tips for the Magic Genie Experiment Use of Pyrex, Kimax, or another type of borosilicate glass minimizes the risk of breakage.Rather than dropping the packet of sodium iodide or manganese oxide, you can hang it inside the flask by a string taped to the outside of the flask or secured (loosely) with a stopper. Do not tightly seal the flask! A stopper with a hole or two is safest.  Use a large volume flask, even though youre only using a small volume of liquid. This is because brown liquid can splash up near the conclusion of the reaction. This liquid is free iodine released from the oxidizing effect of the strong peroxide solution.Make sure you dont seal or tightly stopper the flask, as pressure buildup from a premature reaction can shatter the flask violently.Excess sodium iodide may be thrown away in the trash receptacle.Are you artistic? You can wrap the flask in foil to make it look like a magic genie bottle or lamp. While you have the 30% peroxide out, why not try the elephant toothpaste demonstration? Another interesting demonstration to try involves making violet smoke. Reference: Stone, Charles, H. J. Chem. Ed., 1944, 21, 300.

The History Of Lsd And Its Effects On The American...

After World War II ended, the age of baby-booming and urban sprawling began. During this time, many American soldiers came home from the war; married, and had five or six children. This created the largest generation ever. Could this new generation change the social world of America? In 1964, most of the baby-boomers children were in their late teens. This was the beginning of a major social change in the United States. With the birth of rock-n-roll not far in the past, and a growing liberalism of the normally conservative American Society, it is no wonder that a powerful hallucinogenic drug called LSD gained so much popularity. LSD-25 was first created in 1938 by Albert Hoffmann in the Sandoz chemical-pharmaceutical†¦show more content†¦This condition gradually passed off after two hours.(1) At first, Hoffman doubted whether he had accidentally poisoned himself with the LSD. Days later, he decided to voluntarily intoxicate himself with 250 micrograms of LSD to see if that was the cause of his psychedelic experience earlier in the week. When he was debating about how much of the LSD to intoxicate himself with, he decided that it would be best to be very conservative and try just a small dose. Unknowing of exactly how powerful this new hallucinogenic chemical was, he thought 250 micrograms would have little or no psychological effects. Later it was determined that 250 micrograms was an extremely large dose for a human to consume. After ingesting the LSD, Hoffman describes in his own words the events that followed: I asked my laboratory assistant to accompany me home, as I believed that I should have a repetition of the disturbance of the previous Friday. While we were cycling home, however, it became clear that the symptoms were much stronger than the first time. I had great difficulty in speaking coherently, my field of vision swayed before me, and objects appeared distorted like images in curved mirrors. I had the impression of being unable to move from the spot, although my assistant told me afterwards that we had cycled at a good pace.(1) Once home, Hoffmann started to feel the full effects of the LSD. HisShow MoreRelatedSummer of Love3032 Words   |  13 PagesThe Summer of Love The 1960s was a decade of political and social upheaval. The counterculture, which was what the decade was called, became disappointed with all the restrictions and conventions of the straight society. The Summer of Love did not occur until 1967, but the decade was inspired by the Bohemian spirit which was already present in the 1950s; known as the Beat generation. The counterculture gained significant influence in liberal cities such as Berkley and San Francisco. 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Beliefs and Values of an Unethical Criminal Justice System

The criminal justice system is a system of law enforcement that is involved in prosecuting, sentencing, and punishing those who have committed a criminal offence. When every member of society is aware of their individual rights and the laws enforced, the criminal justice system is very effective, but when a contributor to society is mentally insane and commits a criminal offence everything changes. In Frontline’s A Crime of Insanity, a twenty-six year old psychology student, Ralph Tortoricci, walked across the Albany campus of the State University of New York with a hunting knife and a Remington .270 rifle. He took a class hostage and later wounded a nineteen year old sophomore. Ralph obviously committed a crime but the problem is: was he†¦show more content†¦There are many different aspects to a case, but there was an obvious amount of evidence that Ralph was mentally ill and needed help. If the court sentenced Ralph Tortoricci to a mental institution he would still be isolated from society for just as long if not longer than sentencing him to jail, but he would have also been getting daily assistance to help him recover from his mental illness. Throughout the film, it was evident that Ralph needed help. There were signs that he was struggling with his sanity, yet his family members never seemed to step in and get him help. If Ralph’s family was more involved, they would have noticed signs throughout his teen years that could have aided in his mental health. The main underlying issue I personally have of this entire trial is the fact that the prosecutor, Cheryl Coleman, knew within thirty seconds that Ralph was mentally insane yet still did everything in her power to convict Ralph and sentence him to jail. 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Does Coffee Contain Drugs Free Essays

It is pretty obvious these days that most people are addicted to cell phones. To get people more addicted companies try to put new things on cell phones that you could already do with some other device. Cell phones are able to use internet now, just like computers. We will write a custom essay sample on Does Coffee Contain Drugs or any similar topic only for you Order Now People act like they cannot survive without a cell phone, if there was a quiz asking people what they would need to survive on an uninhabited island if they could only have a few resources I bet a cell phone would be number one on that list for most people.I also bet that coffee, chocolate or pop or maybe a combination of all three would be their number two desire. Because you see, coffee, chocolate and pop all contain the highly addictive stimulate named caffeine. My research and personal experiences have shown that addiction to caffeine is more dangerous than an addiction to one’s cell phone because caffeine can have an awful direct impact on your mind and body. Everything manmade these days has ways to get people addicted to it! Food and drink addiction is big in America, a big part of that is what companies do to make people addicted to their food.We know commercials make people want to impulse buy, but there are things in many foods that could make people addicted to it like drugs! Chocolate was a luxury in Europe doing the Middle Ages, but now 2 ounces can be obtained from a vending machine for less than a dollar. Coffee started its upward trend in popularity after the Boston Tea Party in America and Coca Cola and Root Beer has been easily accessible for over a hundred years from convenience stores. The surge in popularity of these three items is no accident; it is all due to the clever lure of marketing and the addictive nature of caffeine found it these items.Artificially flavored foods dull your taste buds to the point that healthy foods taste bland. It’s like nacho flavored chips aren’t enough, now it’s fire flavored chips and extra fiery flavored chips! It’s like we will eventually have big calluses on our tongues from being bombed with all this flavor. Foods or drinks with caffeine in them do more than just make you addicted to the flavor, they have been consciously designed to make you addicted to consuming them frequently. Both coffee and chocolate are known for their overpowering taste. It is ustomary that these two items are reserved toward the end of meals, so that the unique flavors from meat, vegetables and fruits won’t get lost or ignored because of the powerful taste and aroma from coffee and chocolate. There are too many flavor s of pop to name. It is said that variety is the spice of life. Caffeine is the stimulate that makes us order pop each time we dine in or out and crave more and more options. Coffee companies keep people buying their products by getting people addicted to their products, just like cigarette companies.Coffee is like liquid cigarettes, it is addictive, makes people have bad breath with a very distinct smell. Coffee is way worse than those artificial chips I was telling you about! Coffee has many different artificial flavors now to cover up how horrible it tastes alone without the flavors, and also the flavors added to the coffee is another thing that gets people addicted to it! Have you ever read the back of a food container and all there is a bunch of stuff normal people don’t understand on it like triethanolamine, tetrasodium, hydrogenated monoglycerides, and stuff like that?Well all of those weird words listed on the back of food containers are artificial ingredients and there is no telling w hich ones may be chemicals designed to get us addicted to it! Caffeine is definitely an addictive chemical that is easy to get. Have you noticed it seems like coffee drinkers can’t go a day without drinking coffee. To drink coffee has become a habit in the life of many people. This is because coffee contains an addictive drug. Yep, it contains caffeine. Caffeine is an addictive psychoactive stimulant. (Also chocolate, tea, energy drinks and other beverages contain caffeine. Around 90 percent of Americans consume caffeine every single day in one form or another. More than half of all American adults consume more than 300 milligrams (mg) of caffeine every day, making it America’s most popular drug by far. (According to Web MD) Caffeine makes some people want to drink coffee as soon as they wake up because of the effects of blocking drowsiness which would be very convenient at work or some other task they shouldn’t fall to sleep at. Drinking a bit more caffeine than you need to stay awake could cause addiction, but chugging down a massive overload of caffeine could even lead to caffeine poisoning.The FDA is planning to ban alcoholic drinks containing caffeine. News of college students being killed or dying after drinking such combinations of alcohol and caffeine have been publicized widely in the news. These drinks usually are like a cross between an energy drink and malt liquor. (According to Fox News) A person would have to consume 5 to 10 grams of caffeine (or 80 cups of strong coffee, one after the other) to suffer an overdose. Some effects of caffeine poisoning include involuntary shaking, nausea, vomiting, irregular or rapid heart rate, panic attack and confusion.In extreme cases of caffeine poisoning a person could have a seizure. Caffeine blocks a chemical produced by the brain called adenosine from reaching the adenosine receptors. Adenosine and caffeine have very similar structures that the brain can’t tell apart. Adenosine is an important chemical for the nervous system. Adenosine is the chemical produced by the brain that makes the nervous system slow to a rate that lets the person get tired so the person would sleep or stop pushing the energy of your nervous system to do such tiring tasks.When adenosine does not enter the receptors the nervous system could get over worked and the same effects of caffeine poisoning would occur. That is only one of the many functions adenosine has with the nervous system, and caffeine stopping the tiring function of adenosine explains why people get addicted to coffee. Adenosine also works with the nervous system to regulate cardiovascular function, respiratory function, and many other major vital functions, which explains the seizures and death of caffeine poisoni ng. Lack of adenosine could cause a wide variety of diseases. One of the most common side effects caffeine addicts experience is the big crash after the caffeine high, which is caused because of the body creating extra adenosine to make up for the lack of adenosine. A party goer from Washington State University was killed by a colossal dose of caffeine. He consumed two spoonfuls of caffeine powder, equivalent to the caffeine in 70 cans of Red Bull. The caffeine product had a warning on it that said not to take more than one sixteenth of a spoonful of it.If you use caffeine to try to stay awake at work you should make sure it doesn’t end up in an energy crash when you still are at your job. Unlike many other psychoactive substances, caffeine is currently legal. . After reading this you may change your mind about if caffeine should be legal. Even caffeine pills are used which is much more dangerous than drinking the amount of caffeine in coffee. Most caffeine pills contain 200-250 mg of caffeine. Most cups of coffee contain 90-150 mg of caffeine. Even one cup of decaffeinated coffee could contain 2-5 mg of caffeine.Monster Energy Drink contains 160 mg of caffeine, so drinking Monster Energy Drink for breakfast is only slightly worse than the average cup of coffee, but it still is not as bad as taking a caffeine pill for breakfast. Thinking about these comparisons you would probably realize how ridiculous the amounts of caffeine people consume are. A majority of soda beverages have 50 to 100 mg of caffeine. Decaffeinated sodas could contain 2-5 mg of caffeine. Having caffeinated soda for breakfast could be healthier than having caffeinated coffee for breakfast.Large amounts of caffeine poses a specific health risk for women of all ages. Scientists have shown that the continual over-consumption of caffeine is a behavior that can trigger urinary tract infections (UTI) in women. Urinary tract infections and bladder infections are the second most common type of infections in the United States. Only Respiratory infections occur with greater frequency. Ladies with confirmed urinary tract infections are often instructed by their Doctors to drink only Cranberry juice and water for three to four days.Drinking cranberry juice increases the acid in the body and flushes out the bad bacteria responsible for the bladder infection. Clearly, a female truly addicted to caffeine would find it torture to be limited to drinking only cranberry juice and water for a number of days in order to secure a cure for her bladder infection. A woman can be stricken with the agony of bladder infections several times within a given year all episodes stemming from her daily consumption of huge amounts of pop and coffee.Ladies, please leave the caffeine alone, because you already spend way too much time in the bathroom. Caffeine is a stimulant drug found in coffee, cola, chocolate and other legal products, and is also present in many pharmaceutical products (such as cold remedies). It is also one of the main substances used to ‘cut’ illicit drug powders like cocaine, heroin, speed and ecstasy. Yet our society acts like caffeine is not a drug. The chemical name of caffeine is trimethylxanthine, and it can cause drug dependence in regular users, i. e. craving, tolerance and withdrawals.It affects a neurotransmitter in the pre-frontal cortex of the brain called adenosine, which regulates attention and working memory (which is why caffeine helps you concentrate). The lethal dose for the average person is 10 grams in a period of one or two hours – about 65 to 100 times the standard effective dose of 100-150 mg. However, more susceptible people (such as liver disease cases, children) could be killed by as little as 5 grams. One gram consumed in a short period (4 or 5 double-espressos) is enough to bring on symptoms of caffeine poisoning (headaches, palpitations, nausea, etc. in most people. Caffeine is a drug – more education is needed to make people aware of what constitutes safer versus risky caffeine consumption, so that potential harms to health can be minimized. The harm reduction approach to drug use is pragmatic and evidence-based, and applies as much to caffeine as it does to heroin and cocaine. I have talked about the highly addictive and some times life threatening nature of the carefree use of caffeine in this essay and they all seem to be things that people don’t recognize as clear, real dangers.Foods and drinks laced with caffeine are so common in everyday life for most Americans; yet many of the dangers of caffeine remain hidden to them. If you are addicted to any of these things I talked about today in this essay you hopefully realize how bad these seemingly harmless things are. You should know what you are putting in your body, do not just think about what it will do for you at the moment, think about the future consequences because a lot of people out there don’t want to think past the moment and in the future they will regret it. How to cite Does Coffee Contain Drugs, Papers

Generating Electricity free essay sample

Without electricity, the world would be a different place to live in. Flow Diagram showing how electricity is produced using fossil fuels (GCSE Bitsesize) There are two types of electricity, static electricity and current electricity. On a large scale, static electricity causes lightning and on a smaller scale, gives you a shock when you get out of a car. It can be generated simply by rubbing a comb on your hair. Static electricity is of limited use and in this essay, I will be focusing on current electricity. Electricity is basically the flow of electrical charge. It is the most routinely and widely used energy. It is an energy carrier and a secondary source as we get electricity from the conversion of primary sources such as coal, gas, and solar energy. These primary sources are either renewable or non-renewable sources but electricity itself, is neither. The most common way to generate electricity is using fossil fuels such as coal, oil and natural gas. They are known as fuels because they release energy when they are burned and fossil fuels because they are formed from the remains of living organisms, which are millions of years old. Kyle, HubPages) The importance of electricity and the application of electricity in our everyday lives cannot be expressed enough in words. Life wouldn’t be the same. If there would be no electricity, on a smaller scale, this essay would be hand written. But on a bigger scale, there would be no industries, everything would have to be hand made. Schools would have to have candles or fire as lighting. Streets would have the same. Economies would suffer billions of losses per day as they cannot manufacture any good. Now to our everyday lives, there would be no heated showers, no laptops for research, no mobile phones for communication purposes, etc†¦ This is why electricity is important an no electricity would equal to no life in my opinion. Renewable Sources| Source of Energy | % Used| Hydroelectrical| 6. 3| Nuclear| 8. 5| Others| 0. 9| A particular global issue, which is important, is that of the exceeding demand of fossil fuels to generate electricity but the limited supply. Today, fossil fuels are the most widely used and are much cheaper than using renewable methods. The following table shows the percentages of fossil fuels and renewable resources used: Fossil Fuels| Source of Energy | % Used| Petroleum | 36. 0| Coal| 27. 4| Natural Gas| 23. o| The tables above tell us that the total use of fossil fuels add up to 86. 4% while renewable sources are only 15. 7%. This is huge difference and tells us how importance it is to limit the use of fossil fuels in generating electricity. (BinomicFuel,†¦) This is where Science is applied in effectively solving the issue. There are now renewable resources of energy, which cater to different parts of the world. For example in India, 5% of the country’s energy is supplied by wind power. In the outskirts of major cities such as Mumbai or Kolkata, wind turbines have been set up in particular areas, which are known for high wind speeds. GCSE Bitesize One of the solutions is wind energy. Firstly, wind is produced as a result of convection currents in the Earth’s atmosphere, which are driven by heat energy from the sun. Wind is a renewable source of kinetic energy as long as the sun exists. As shown on the left, wind turbines basically have long and wide blades on a tall tower. The blades are then connected to gears linked to a generator. As the wind blows, the blades turn and transfer most of its kinetic energy to the blades to drive the generator. Electricity is then produced. Usually, several wind towers are built together in windy places to be called wind farms. Clipart Although this method tackles the problem as we can rely less on fossil fuels, it does have some limitations in the economic factor. Wind turbines are extremely costly to develop and the cost is recovered only decades later. The cost for a commercial scale wind turbine ranges from $1. 2 million to $2. 6 million, per MW of nameplate capacity installed. Most of the wind turbines today are 2 MW so roughly after installation, a single wind tower could cost around $3. 5 million. This is a very large amount and a very high initial cost for a company to invest in. This is one factor why countries usually select fossil fuels. (Carla, eHow) Another factor is the social factor. Wind farms are extremely noisy and spoil the view of people living near them. Wind farms affect communities a lot and force communities to relocate. This also affects the life and welfare of human beings who live near them. It causes noise pollution as well as it is an eye sore. So therefore it may be a problem for some countries to develop communities in that area and a problem for local people who live nearby. (GCSE Bitesize) However, to every dark cloud has a silver lining. There are also benefits of wind power. In the ethical factor, it is a positive step. Using wind power instead of fossil fuels in beneficial as day by day, world levels of coal, oil and natural gas are decreasing at a high rate. It is then only right and ethical to use wind power, which is a renewable source of energy. (Drupal, Windustry) Wind farms are also beneficial in the environmental factor. Environmentally, they are extremely clean compared to fossil fuels, which cause up to 90% of the worlds greenhouse gases when burned. When wind power is used, no smoke emissions are given out and it is the environment’s best friend. Wind power consumes no fuel for continuing operation, and has no emissions directly related to electricity production. Wind turbines produce no carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide, mercury, particulates, or any other type of air pollution, as do fossil fuel power sources. URPS There is also a local issue in Dubai which relates to the generation of electricity. Nearly all of the UAE’s electricity comes from off shore gas reserves. Natural gas is abundant in the UAE but will eventually run out. There has to be a back up and it is our duty to conserve electricity. Science is applied again over here to address the issue. By the year 2020, the UAE will cut its dependence on natural gas and oil for electricity generation and turn instead to nuclear fuel and renewable energy to meet the increasing power needs of a fast-expanding economy. The government of the UAE has decided to use nuclear energy for peaceful purposes to generate electricity. Although this is an option, an ideal option would be that of solar power. Efface. inc The UAE is located in the Middle East which faces direct sunlight for about 12 hours a day. Especially in the ethical factor because the sun can be used to help conserve fossil fuels. Solar panels are ethical as the UAE is not a cold country which has winter blizzards. It has direct sunlight which is basically perfect. In addition, in the political factor it is beneficial as the government is willing in every way possible to harness solar power and thus has all parking meters for 1,025,169 cars solar powered. This is a very good initiative and saves large amounts of electricity. The emirate of Dubai has also harnessed solar power in the tallest tower in the world, Burj Khalifa. This tower can handle the water heating of its residents. This is extremely beneficial as it saves 3, 200 kilo watts per day and 690MWh per year. (Gulf News) Again, solar panels also have their limitations. In the social factor it would be quite an eye sore to see solar panels on street lamps or on striking buildings. It would not change lives drastically being an eye sore but would degrade the city when it comes to its attractiveness. Another limitation is in the economic factor. It is extremely costly to build and maintain solar panels. The average cost for a solar panel to power one average house is about $25,000. A solar panel of this price would cover the heating, and lighting of the house. The cost may be recovered within a couple of decades and is a heavy investment. (Earl, Control) greenglobe It is evident that although Science solves the issue of conserving fossil fuels, its main drawback is in the cost. This is quite prominent especially in time of a financial recession. The important thing is that the world is still trying and the percentage of using non fossil fuels for energy sources is rising by 2. 3% each year